空气湿度对澳洲坚果开花座果和果实生长的影响

花期的澳洲坚果植株随着空气湿度的降低,其花粉育性降低、座果率及光合产物(叶绿素含量、总糖含量和淀粉含量)下降、幼果生长速度减慢。试验结果表明:空气湿度的降低导致叶片光合作用能力下降,干物质积累少,生物产量降低,花粉萌发率低、花粉管生长速度慢,造成花期不遇、授粉受精不良、座果率低,最后造成产量降低。不同品种受空气湿度胁迫的影响程度不同,品种的内部生理特性、花粉育性以及产量都存在差异。澳洲坚果生长的适宜空气湿度为日平均空气湿度在50%以上。     

Preliminary recovery of coastal sharks in the south‐east United States

Relative abundance of many shark species in the Atlantic is assessed by compiling data from several independently conducted, but somewhat spatially limited surveys. Although these localized surveys annually sample the same populations, resulting trends in yearly indices often conflict with one another, thereby hindering interpretation of abundance patterns at broad spatial scales. We used delta‐lognormal generalized linear models (GLMs) to generate indices of abundance for seven Atlantic coastal shark species from six fishery‐independent surveys along the US east coast and Gulf of Mexico from 1975 to 2014. These indices were further analysed using dynamic factor analysis (DFA) to produce simplified, broad‐scale common trends in relative abundance over the entire sampled distribution. Effects of drivers including the North Atlantic Oscillation index, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index, annually averaged sea surface temperature and species landings were evaluated within the DFA model. The two decadal oscillations and species landings were shown to affect shark distribution along south‐east US coast. Estimated common trends of relative abundance for all large coastal shark species showed similar decreasing patterns into the early 1990s, periods of sustained low index values thereafter and recent indications of recovery. Small coastal shark species exhibited more regional variability in their estimated common trends, such that two common trends were required to adequately describe patterns in relative abundance throughout the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic. Overall, all species’ (except the Gulf of Mexico blacknose shark) time series concluded with an increasing trend, suggestive of initial recovery from past exploitation.     

Temporal and spatial distribution of an invasive thrips species Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Dispersion of a new invasive thrips species in the United States, chilli thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, was studied on three plant hosts, i.e., cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), peanut (Arachis hypogeal L.) and pepper (Capsicum annum L.) in the greenhouse and under field conditions in Homestead, Florida. In the vertical distribution study, a strong negative relationship was observed between thrips density and height, with the significantly highest mean number of larvae and adults reported on host plants placed at the lowest height (45.7 cm) above ground. The study of horizontal distribution showed that S. dorsalis has weak dispersal potential and aggregates in open areas. During the entire six week study period, thrips were found to move a maximum of 12 m from their reservoir population. During two years (2009–2010 and 2010–2011) of study, a high abundance of thrips population was observed during May–October with the highest mean count during July and August in both years. Flight activity of adults was highest between 10:00and16:00 EST, during peak solar radiation (∼337–653 w/m²). Results from these studies will help growers and extension personnel predict farm-scale distribution of S. dorsalis and efficiently monitor the pest for management before they become a serious problem for the vegetable and ornamental industry in the United States.     

Relative abundance and damage of some insect pests of wheat under different tillage practices in rice–wheat cropping in India

Tillage changes the physical and chemical properties of soil and can also inhibit or enhance useful and harmful fauna. In agriculture, different tillage technologies are being tried to enhance crop productivity, but little concrete information seems to exist on their effects on pest abundance and damage. To address this lack of information, sowing of wheat was investigated under different tillage systems. In order to monitor pest abundance and damage in altered tillage systems, the present studies on the relative abundance and damage due to insect pests viz. pink stem borer (PSB, Sesamia inferens Walker), termites (Microtermes obesi Holmgren and Odontotermes obesus Rambur) and root aphid (Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis Sasaki) were undertaken in a rice–wheat cropping system during 2010–11 and 2011–12. Pest abundance and damage was monitored in four tillage systems i.e. conventional tillage (CT), zero tillage (ZT), ZT + mulch and rotary tillage (RT) under insecticide protected and unprotected conditions. The application of insecticide did not affect root aphid incidence or termite damage. However, significant differences in PSB damage in insecticide protected (0.9%) and unprotected (1.2%) conditions were observed. The investigations demonstrated that in CT, damage by PSB (0.6%) was minimum; however termite damage (2.2%) was maximum as compared to all other tillage conditions. In ZT, PSB damage (1.4%) was maximum and root aphid incidence (3.1 aphids/tiller) was minimum in comparison to other tillage conditions. ZT + mulch resulted in inter-mediate insect pest incidence/damage; however, RT was the least effective practice which showed relatively high incidence/damage of these three insects (1.2% PSB damage, 1.9% termite damage and 5.1 aphids/tiller). The insecticide × tillage interaction indicated that insecticide application is needed only in ZT and RT for PSB management.     

棉花纤维中木质素的相对分子量

分子量是聚合物的重要特性之一,木质素的分子量及其分布是研究苯丙烷类结构的反应、物理化学特性和评价其改性产物质量的内容之一。本研究以陆地棉TM-1成熟纤维为材料,分别利用酶解-温和酸解木质素法和二氧六环法提取棉纤维中木质素,结合凝胶渗透色谱法(gel permeation chromatography,GPC)调查和评价2种方法获得的棉纤维中木质素的相对分子量。结果表明,经二氧六环处理提取的棉花纤维中的木质素(dioxane lignin,DL)的重均分子量为2924g mol~(–1)、数均分子量2403 g mol~(–1),略高于由酶解-温和酸解处理提取的木质素(enzymatic hydrolysis-mild acidolysis lignin,EMAL)的重均分子量(2169 g mol~(–1))和数均分子量(1970 g mol~(–1)),EMAL的多分散系数稍低,说明木质素的均一性比DL高。表明EMAL法提取的木质素更适用于分析棉纤维中木质素的相对分子量。利用EMAL法分析棉纤维中木质素相对分子量表明,不同棉花品种的木质素重均分子量分布范围为938~2169 g mol~(–1),数均分子量分布范围为857~1970 g mol~(–1),多分散性系数在1.09~1.74间,均小于2。重均分子量与纤维马克隆值呈显著负相关,数均分子量与纤维长度呈显著负相关,与纤维马克隆值呈极显著负相关。     

Response of Scotian Shelf silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis) to environmental variability

Commercially‐exploited fish populations are not only shaped by fishing pressure, but also by the dynamics of their environment. By quantifying the influence of environmental variability, fisheries management advice can be improved and uncertainties reduced. To this end, we developed statistical models of the response of Scotian Shelf silver hake stock metrics to variability in zooplankton community composition and phenology over the past 18 years and in the physical environment since 1985. Dominant modes of variability in these pelagic habitat indicators were characterized using principal component analysis, and the relationships of silver hake condition, abundance, and recruitment to pelagic habitat variability were assessed using generalized additive models. Condition was largely modulated by the onset and duration of the spring bloom, which controls food availability. In contrast, adult abundance was governed by composition of the zooplankton community and bottom‐water temperature, which dictates the distribution of silver hake. Finally, recruitment was affected by both thermal conditions and food availability. Our results presented here form the basis for qualitative assessment of ecosystem attributes and the influence on silver hake stock productivity.     

滇油杉林下死可燃物含水率与温湿度关系模型研究

[目的]研究滇油杉林下死可燃物含水率与温湿度关系模型.[方法]以滇油杉林下三类死可燃物为研究对象,借助于恒温恒湿箱对不同温湿度组合下的含水率进行测定,并研究三类死可燃物含水率与温度、湿度、温温度的关系.[结果]在相同湿度条件下,死可燃物含水率随温度的升高而降低,但在不同的湿度下具有不同的变化规律;在相同温度条件下,死可燃物含水率随相对湿度的增大而增大,但在不同的温度下具有不同的变化规律;温湿度共同作用影响死可燃物的含水率,且不同的死可燃物有不同变化规律.[结论]可燃物含水率是受多种因素影响.滇油杉林下三类死可燃物含水率从小到大依次为粗大死可燃物、腐殖质、细小死可燃物.     

hrpZ_(Psta)在转基因大豆中定量表达与疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性相关研究

以T5转hrpZPsta基因大豆JN29-705-15和JL30-187为材料,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术(Quantitative Real Time PCR,qRT-PCR)检测了目标基因在转基因大豆不同组织中的表达量,分别利用下胚轴侵染法和叶面喷施法鉴定疫霉根腐病抗性和灰斑病抗性,并分析目的基因表达量与疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性的相关性。结果表明:hrpZPsta基因在大豆的叶、茎、根、籽粒中均有表达,二个株系平均相对表达量分别为8.2/6.1、0.9/0.7、6.5/4.6和0.8/0.7;T5转hrpZPsta基因大豆抗疫霉根腐病和灰斑病能力与野生型相比均有所提高,JN29-705-15对疫霉根腐病抗性从感病提高到中抗,而JL30-187从中抗提高到抗病;hrpZPsta基因在叶中的表达量也与抗灰斑病能力呈正相关,与病情级别呈极显著负相关。试验结果初步证明了外源基因hrp ZPsta在大豆植株中的表达量与受体植株对疫霉根腐病和灰斑病抗性存在一定的相关性。     

长兴岛沿岸春季和夏季的浮游动物群落结构

2005年8月(夏季)的大、小潮期间和2006年3月(春季)的大、小潮期间对长兴岛沿岸进行了4个航次的浮游生物调查,共检出浮游动物47种,其中春季32种,夏季44种。浮游动物的优势类群为桡足类和浮游幼虫。小拟哲水蚤、双毛纺锤水蚤、拟长腹剑水蚤、无节幼虫为春季优势种。小拟哲水蚤、双毛纺锤水蚤、近缘大眼剑水蚤、桡足类幼体、太平洋纺锤水蚤为夏季优势种。春季浮游动物的丰度、生物量及种类数均低于夏季。小潮期间浮游动物的丰度、生物量高于大潮期间。浮游动物的丰度、生物量及优势种受潮周期的影响。北部沿岸和南部沿岸浮游动物丰度、生物量较高。小型桡足类在长兴岛沿岸浮游动物群落结构中扮演重要角色,长兴岛沿岸浮游动物群落结构较为成熟稳定。     

覆膜滴灌条件下棉花根层土壤盐分时间稳定性研究

为揭示膜下滴灌棉田主根区土壤盐分的时间变异特性,基于2013—2014年田间实测数据,采用变异系数、平均相对偏差和标准差等方法研究了不同土层土壤盐分的时间稳定性,并进一步确定了可以反映各土层土壤平均含盐量的代表性测点。结果表明,研究区域0~40 cm土层土壤盐分随时间序列的变异性只有少数几个测点属于强变异,其余均属于中等变异;在棉花主根层(40 cm)内,土壤盐分的时间稳定性随土层深度增加呈现先增强后略微减弱趋势,在30 cm土层深度稳定性最强,平均相对偏差浮动范围最小、且其平均标准差最小;反映各土层平均含盐量的代表测点分布较为集中,可选取代表地块对区域土壤含盐量进行估算(决定系数R2为0.791 2~0.917 1)。棉田主根层土壤盐分时间稳定性研究有利于指导田间灌溉;选取少量且具有代表性的测点可为区域合理布设土壤盐分监测点提供理论依据。